Example of a primary drying design space graph showing sublimation

A Software Tool for Lyophilization Primary Drying Process Development and Scale-up Including Process Heterogeneity, I: Laboratory-Scale Model Testing

Technical transfer and commercialisation of lyophilised biopharmaceuticals — application of lyophiliser characterisation and comparability, AAPS Open

Figure A1. Product temperature for 5.4 mL and 10.6 mL fill volumes

Processes, Free Full-Text

Schematic evolution of a Freeze-drying cycle. Adapted from

Tong ZHU, Senior Scientist I, Ph.D. in Aero Eng.

PDF) Recommended Best Practices for Lyophilization Validation—2021

Processes, Free Full-Text

Lyophilization Process Design Space - ScienceDirect

Freeze-drying parameters for uncontrolled and controlled

The graphical design space for the primary drying phase of freeze Drying: Factors affecting the dried product layer resistance - ScienceDirect

Full article: Integrated use of mechanistic models and targeted experiments for development, scale-up and optimization of lyophilization cycles: A single vial approach for primary drying